tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80935764834802659912024-03-13T12:28:57.845-04:00Modern America: A Law and Politics BlogThis is the official blog of The Modern American, American University's Washington College of Law scholarly publication dedicated to diversity.The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.comBlogger60125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-61276973990672808422016-03-30T07:18:00.000-04:002016-03-30T07:18:02.941-04:00Revenge Porn by Alea V. Hipes<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">You love a boy and he loves you too. The birds are chirping, you are whistling, having butterflies, and feel like the luckiest girl in the world. However, as most relationships, things ultimately do not work out and a breakup is inevitable. In the best of circumstances, you can hope to be amicable, cry a little, start having a relationship with a pint of Ben & Jerry’s, and let time heal all wounds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This simple routine of a breakup is all but a distant memory with the worries that may now accompany a breakup. It used to be that a scorned lover would spread rumors to their buddies after the failed relationship; however, a more permanent and exposed form of revenge has emerged. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">With the 21<sup>st</sup> century came many forms of communication and access to the World Wide Web. Along with the evolution of the Internet also has the evolution of jilted exes’ vengeance. What used to be locker room rumors has become an exploitation of what was entrusted to once an intimate partner. This exploitation of past lovers has become known as revenge porn or nonconsensual pornography.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Women are revenge porn’s predominate victims. These women have had to suffer psychologically and emotionally as a result of their content exposure.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> This abuse of trust and the unauthorized circulation of this intimate material have led to legal action in a number of states. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">There are twenty-six states now that have some sort of revenge porn statute, such statutes making it a felony or a misdemeanor, depending on the jurisdiction.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> For example, North Dakota’s penalty is a Class A misdemeanor<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> while in the District of Columbia it is a felony under the Criminalization of Non-consensual pornography Act of 2014.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Collins Dictionary, <u>Revenge Porn</u>, (“a pornographic image or film which is published, posted (e.g. on the internet), or otherwise circulated without the consent of one or more of the participants, usually with malicious and vindictive intent, such as following a break-up.”)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/revenge-porn (last visited Nov. 30, 2015).</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mary Anne Franks, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Drafting An Effective “Revenge Porn” Law: A Guide for Legislators </i>(2015), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">http</i>://www.endrevengeporn.org/guide-to-legislation/ (referencing statistics that 90% of revenge porn victims are women, 59% had their full names posted, 57% percent said an ex-boyfriend posted the photo,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times;">42% said that they sought psychological services because of it, among other statistics)</span><span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="color: black;">[</span>3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> End Revenge Porn, <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">26 States Have Revenge Porn Laws,</span></u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> http://www.endrevengeporn.org/revenge-porn-laws/ (last visited Feb. 18, 2016).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">N.D. CENT. CODE § 12.1-17-07.02 (2015)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">D.C. LAW 20-275</span></span></div>
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The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-31247221307961922932016-03-30T07:11:00.000-04:002016-03-30T07:11:28.577-04:00Sexual Orientation-Based Employment Discrimination and the Role of the Federal Government by Greta Savickaite<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The Supreme Court’s 2015 ruling in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Obergefell v. Hodges</i> marked one of the greatest victories for same-sex couples in the United States.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The Court’s decision in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Obergefell</i> invalidated state same-sex marriage restrictions, allowing same-sex couples to legally marry in every jurisdiction. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> This ruling follows other victories of the lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) equality movement, such as the enactment of the Matthew Shepard Act and the repeal of Don’t Ask Don’t Tell. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> However, despite these national civil rights victories, the LGB movement faces one of its biggest challenges yet, employment discrimination.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Currently, there is no federal law that explicitly prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation; and thus although same-sex couples can legally marry, employers in most states can legally discriminate against employees as a result of their sexual orientation. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> In order to ensure the safety of LGB individuals, the federal government needs to enact a federal anti-employment discrimination law, which protects individuals from sexual orientation-based discrimination.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Although in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Obergefell</i> the Supreme Court held that same-sex partners who wish to marry are entitled to “equal dignitary in the eyes of the law,” the decision does not include equal treatment in respect to employment.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Many argue that sexual orientation has no link to workplace treatment; however, research over the last few decades has shown that LGB individuals are consistently subjected to high levels of discrimination as a result of their sexual orientation.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> United States workforce consists of an estimated 5.4 million lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Out of the 5.4 million, approximately 8% to 17% have been fired or denied employment, while 7% to 41% have been verbally or physical harassed by their coworkers as a result of their sexual orientation.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> It has also been shown that compared to heterosexuals, openly LGB job applicants are 40% less likely to receive job interviews in certain sectors.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> While 10% to 28% were denied promotion or given a negative performance evaluation because of their LGB identity.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Additionally, survey results of probability samples representative of the United States population show that out of self-identifying LGB individuals who were surveyed, 42% had experienced at least one form of discrimination because of their sexual orientation, while 35% reported that harassment was the most prominent form of discrimination.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Of those surveyed who were employed by federal, state, or local government 25% reported having experienced discrimination as a result of their sexual orientation.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Finally, out of heterosexuals who completed the survey 12% to 30% reported that they had witnessed sexual orientation based discrimination at their place of employment.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Many attempts to limit employment discrimination through federal legislation have fallen short. Since 1974 numerous bills have been introduced in both the House and the Senate seeking to prohibit employment discrimination on basis of sexual orientation.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The earlier bills looked to amend the Civil Rights Act of 1964, particularly Title VII, to include sexual orientation as a protected class, along with race, sex, religion, national origin, and color.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The proposed amendments of Title VII gained increasing support between 1974 and 1991.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> However, the amendments did not survive and thus suing an employer on sexual orientation based discrimination would quickly fail as the courts have explained that Title VII protects against sex-based and not sexual orientation-based discrimination.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In addition to the push for Title VII amendment, LGB activists and supporters have attempted to gain anti-discrimination protections under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Romer v. Evans,</i> the Supreme Court held that state governments cannot enacts laws that legalize discrimination of a particular class of people, unless the laws are rational means to a legitimate government purpose.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The ruling protected LGB individuals from state legalized discrimination; however, later it was determined that the Fourteenth Amendment discrimination protections do not apply beyond state and federal government actions.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> This was supported by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shelley v. Kramer</i> where the court ruled that “[Fourteenth] Amendment erects no shield against merely private conduct, however discriminatory or wrongful.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Employee Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) is a recent bill, which sought to be a freestanding statute that would prohibit LGB-related employment discrimination.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The bill failed to receive enough votes in Congress on two occasions; however, it finally passed the Senate in 2013.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Although it passed the Senate, the bill did not have much hope in the House as House Speaker John Boehner, who was a strong opponent of ENDA, had indicated that he will not allow the bill to come up for a vote.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> In fact, the bill never did come up for a vote, even though President Obama was ready to sign it into law.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The failure of the federal government to enact sexual orientation anti-discrimination legislation has led to a variety of negative consequences. Due to the visible discrimination in the workplace most LGB individuals are not out at work.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> In a 2009 national survey 51% of LGB employees did not reveal their sexual orientation to most of their coworkers, while in a 2011 study 48% LGB white-collar employees reported that they are not open about their sexual identity.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Fear of discrimination has shown to be the primary reason for not disclosing LGB identity.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Additionally, <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">studies of LGB population inside the workplace show that LGB people suffer psychological and physical harm from the prejudice, stigma, and discrimination that they experience.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> High levels of perceived discrimination or fear of discrimination among LGB individuals have been linked to higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders, psychological distress,<span style="mso-text-raise: 5.0pt; position: relative; top: -5.0pt;"> </span>depression,<span style="mso-text-raise: 5.0pt; position: relative; top: -5.0pt;"> </span>loneliness, and low self-esteem.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> While experiences of anti-gay verbal harassment, discrimination, and violence have been associated <span style="mso-text-raise: 1.0pt; position: relative; top: -1.0pt;">with lower self-esteem, </span>higher rates of suicidal intention, anxiety, anger, post-traumatic stress, and other symptoms of depression.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Moreover, LGB employees who experienced discrimination were less satisfied with their jobs, were more likely to contemplate quitting, and were more likely to miss work.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Finally, as a result of employment discrimination men in same-sex couples earn less than men in heterosexual marriages.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> These results demonstrate the massive negative consequences that employment discrimination has on a large part of the American population.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Employment discrimination remains one of the biggest challenges for LGB activist and supporters. Despite the success of <i>Obergefell</i> and other legislation, LGB individuals are subjected to discrimination due to their sexual orientation daily.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><i> </i>At the beginning of 2016, approximately 121.2 million people in the United States were employed in the private sector, and there is no national protection from discrimination for those who identify as LGB.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Due to lack of legislative protections, LGB individuals are subjected to unfair treatment at their place of employment ranging from harassment, wage cuts, and job loss.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Because employee pensions and welfare benefit plans are governed by the Federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), it is the federal government’s duty to enact legislative protections for LGB individuals so they are not prevented from receiving their ERISA benefits as a result of employment discrimination.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The federal government can achieve these protections by passing the Equality Act, introduced in the House in 2015, which protects individuals from sexual orientation and gender-based employment discrimination</span> <!--EndFragment--><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
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<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See generally</i> <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Obergefell v. Hodges</span></u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 135 </span>U.S. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">2584 (2015).</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Keith Cunningham-Parmeter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marriage Equality, Workplace Inequality: The Next Gay Rights Battle</i>, 67 Fla. L. Rev. 1099, 1100-01 (2015). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See generally</i> 18 U.S.C.A. § 249 (West 2009).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See generally</i> 10 U.S.C.A. § 654 (West 2010) (repealed).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Cunningham-Parmeter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 2 at 1101.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Alex Reed, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Redressing LGBT Employment Discrimination via Executive Order</i>, 29 Notre Dame J.L Ethics & Pub. Pol’y 133, 133 (2015).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Cunningham-Parmeter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 2 at 1100-01.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Nan D. Hunter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interpreting Liberty and Equality Through the Lens of Marriage</i>, 6 Cal. L. Rev. Circuit 107, 111 (2015).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Brad Sears & Christy Mallory, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Employment Discrimination against LGBT People: Existence and Impact</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in</i> <u>Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the Workplace: A Practical Guide</u> 40-1, 40-2-40-3 (2014).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Reed, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 6 at 133.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id. </i>at 133.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Cunningham-Parmeter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 2 at 1101.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Jennifer C. Pizer et al., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Evidence of Persistent and Pervasive Workplace Discrimination Against LGBT People: The Need for Federal Legislation Prohibiting Discrimination and Providing for Equal Employment Benefits</i>, 45 Loy. L.A.L. Rev. 715, 721 (2012).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Sears & Mallory, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> at 40-3-40-4.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Jason E. Shapiro, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Employee Benefits Law: The Hidden Gap Enabling Sexual Orientation Discrimination in Employment</i>, 19 Cardozo J.L. & Gender 511, 513 (2013).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Sears & Mallory, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 9 at 40-4.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i> at 40-7.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Reed, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 6 at 134.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Cunningham-Parmeter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 2 at 1117-18.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Shapiro, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 15 at 513.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See generally</i> <u>Romer v. Evans</u>, 116 U.S. 1620 (1996).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Shapiro, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 15 at 523.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>See generally</i> <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shelley v. Kraemer</span></u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 334 U.S. 1, 13 (1948).</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Reed, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 6<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>at 134.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i> at 135.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Sears & Mallory, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 9 at 40-13.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i> at 40-13-40-14.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i> at 40-15.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> See id.</i> at 40-17.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Pizer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 13 at 740.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id. </i>at 704.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Sears & Mallory, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 9 at 40-18.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i> at 40-16.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See generally, </i>Reed, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 6.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Chuck Vollmer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jobenomics U.S. Unemploument Analysis-Q4 2015</i>, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1, 13 (Feb. 6, 2016), <a href="http://jobenomicsblog.com/tag/bureau-of-labor-statistics/">http://jobenomicsblog.com/tag/bureau-of-labor-statistics/</a> (provides overall employment statistics in the United States).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See generally, </i>Sears & Mallory,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> supra</i> note 9.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See generally, </i>Reed, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 6.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Shapiro, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 15 at 512.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-31542647492916815962016-03-21T20:32:00.000-04:002016-03-21T20:40:23.126-04:00The Unproductive Laws of Productive Rights by Nura Rafati <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Justice Antonin Scalia’s passing on February 13, 2016, has raised many questions as to the fate of pending Supreme Court cases and decisions. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of such cases is </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "times new roman";">Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">, in which the petitioners bring a claim against the constitutionality of a 2013 Texas law that led to the closing of many abortion services in the state.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "times new roman";">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> According to state legislators, the law was enacted in order to set a higher standard of care that aims to protect the health and well-being of women who seek abortions.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "times new roman";">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> The impending case is one of many that the Supreme Court has faced with regard to women’s health and reproductive rights, where Justice Scalia consistently voiced a more conservative anti-abortion stance.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-family: "times new roman";">Abortions were first legalized in the 1973 Supreme Court decision of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roe v. Wade, </i>which is considered perhaps one of the most controversial cases in recent history<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>. Though a landmark decision for advancing women’s rights and equality, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roe v. Wade</i> was only the first step in ascertaining broader freedoms to women’s reproductive rights. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over the years, the Supreme Court has addressed specific issues relating to the legality and constitutionality of abortions, and its decisions have defined and narrowed the scope of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roe v. Wade</i> and the freedoms it facially provided. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The decision of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Whole Women’s Health </i>will largely come down to whether the Court sees the Texas law as an “undue burden”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> on a woman’s path to terminating her pregnancy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Roe v. Wade</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> held that a state could “properly assert important interests in safeguarding health, in maintaining medical standards, and in protecting potential life.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>States took this statement to mean that they could impose standards and prerequisites to abortions, which potentially creates obstacles for women. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Supreme Court has suggested that a woman has a right to be free from government interference, but not a right to governmental funding for abortion.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maher v. Roe,</i> the Court upheld a Connecticut regulation that granted Medicaid benefits for childbirth, but not for medically unnecessary abortions.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It reasoned that the state law placed no obstacles in the woman’s path and was merely a tool to encourage childbirth rather than abortion. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-family: "times new roman";">The Court has held that the Constitution provides individuals rights to be free from government interference and intrusion, but distinguishes those rights from positive liberty, such as receiving government benefits<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The undue burden standard was set in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Planned Parenthood of Se. Pennsylvania v. Casey,</i> where the Court sought to reconcile state interests with women’s constitutionality protected liberty.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It held that a state law is invalid if it places a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman who wants to get an abortion before her fetus is viable<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yielding from this decision is that a state can mandate a 24-hour waiting period before a woman undergoes an abortion<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, spousal notification is invalid and considered an undue burden, and women under 18 need to have parental consent, unless there is court authorization to proceed with the procedure<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; font-family: "times new roman";">Since states do not have a uniform set of laws that regulate abortion, a woman’s location largely determines her access to abortion facilities and the procedures she has to undergo before obtaining the abortion. While <i>Roe</i> protects a woman’s right to terminate her pregnancy, state laws can, and have, set parameters and conditions to that right—limiting its capacity and weakening its scope. <i>Whole Woman’s Health</i> is a pivotal case that will affect women’s access to safe abortion clinics in Texas and across the country. The case will largely determine whether policy-makers and legislators can pass laws that make it nearly impossible and impractical for women to undergo abortions. These types of legislations place burdens on women that far exceed the state’s own interest in the matter. In order for a freedom to be practiced, it must not be impeded with burdens that make the freedom useless and hinder its purpose. If the Supreme Court finds that the Texas law is constitutional, women who seek abortions will be forced to undergo additional delays and tests in order to gain access to a procedure that they are legally entitled to; a freedom that was recognized and legalized 43 years ago.</span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, No. 15-274, 2016 WL 635871, at *1 (U.S. Feb. 18, 2016). </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">Amy Hagstorm and Ricky Solinger, </span><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">Restricted Abortion Rights Are a Calamity for All Women</span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">, Time (Jan. 20, 2016), <a href="http://time.com/4185705/roe-v-wade-abortion-rights/">http://time.com/4185705/roe-v-wade-abortion-rights/</a>.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"></span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roe v. Wade</i>, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> The “undue burden” standard was most notably used in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Planned Parenthood of Se. Pennsylvania v. Casey</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, 505 U.S. 833. It held that </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">a “provision of law is invalid if its purpose or effect is to place substantial obstacles in the path of a woman seeking an abortion before the fetus attains viability.” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id. </i>at 837). </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roe v. Wade</i> at 154. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Maher v. Roe</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, 432 U.S. 464 (1977). </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id</i>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rust v. Sullivan</i>, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">500 U.S. 173 (1991). </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Planned Parenthood of Se. Pennsylvania v. Casey</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, 505 U.S. 833.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id</i>. at 837.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id </i>at 841. </span></span></div>
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The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-26150498850896710672016-02-14T14:54:00.001-05:002016-03-21T20:40:49.226-04:00Implied No Latinos Allowed: Why Chef José Andrés Should Not Have To Open New Restaurant in Trump Hotel Despite Contract by Maricela Lechuga<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Introduction <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Donald Trump’s disparaging comments about Mexicans and immigrants, have offended José Andrés such that he no longer wishes to open a restaurant in Trump’s muti-million redevelopment project in Washington, D.C. As a result, Trump has threatened to sue for performance of the contract, which could include ten years of unpaid rent loss in earning potential.<br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Background <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">On June 16, 2015, potential presidential candidate for the Republican party, Trump unapologetically called Mexican immigrants rapists and drug dealers.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These comments added fuel to the impassioned discord surrounding immigration leading dozens of companies to boycott Trump in solidarity with Mexican immigrants, and immigrants and Latinos generally.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Amongst those who have chosen to boycott Trump is D.C.-based super-chef José Andrés who recently tried to sever ties with Trump and the prior contract to create a restaurant in the historic Old Post Office Pavilion in Washington, D.C.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">a. The contract between Andrés, and bigoted business-mogul, Trump for the opening of a José Andrés Restaurant in a forth-coming Trump hotel in D.C. should be void for commercial impracticability, breach of a morality clause, and frustration of purpose. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The contract between Trump and Andrés is void for impracticability. Commercial impracticability requires that a party show there was an unexpected occurrence; that the risk of such an occurrence was not allocated by the agreement or custom; and that the occurrence made performance impractical.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In <u>National Ass’n of Postmasters of U.S. v. Hyatt Regency Washington</u>, for instance the commercial implacability doctrine did not apply when a hotel customer needed to cancel a conference because the contract had allocated the risk of such an unforeseen event.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">While Trump has long had the reputation of crassly expressing his controversial opinions, his presidential candidacy and recent hate-speech against Mexican immigrants has become even more inflammatory than before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This sudden change has substantially altered Andrés’ ability to carry out the promise to open a restaurant in an a building owned by Trump. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Trump’s disparaging comments against Mexicans and immigrants along with his rhetoric promising to “Make America Great Again,” is stoking a nationalistic fervor that makes some Americans feel as though they are under attack.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Trump followers shout “white-power” at his rallies and the Daily Stormer, a conservative, Neo-Nazi publication openly endorses Trump.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Although not blatantly denying service to Mexican immigrants, Trump’s hate-speech has created an implied “No Mexicans Allowed,” reminiscent of a time before laws protected the rights of ethic and racial minorities to be accommodated in public institutions and business.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Trump’s hate-speech has, moreover, begun to incite violence against Latinos in the U.S. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, as seen by the beating of a homeless Latino man in Boston this past August.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The man’s two assailants added insult to injury by urinating on him, and stating that “Donald Trump was right, all these illegal’s need to be deported.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Extreme levels of hostility towards immigrants are also expressed by Trump followers at rallies such was the case on October 15, when a Trump supporter spit on an immigrant rights activist.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Andrés is himself a—proud immigrant—and recently stated “I call myself a proud American Citizen...[and] I am an immigrant [and] I know where I belong—in America! “We the people” means every single human being.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In addition to being a proud immigrant, 50% of Andrés’ staff are Latino; it would be difficult for Andrés to work in and hire staff to work in a building owned by Trump.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Andrés and his employees might fear harassment or mistreatment by the passionate Trump followers who agree with Trump’s hate-speech. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">José Andrés would also likely become the target of boycotts by his loyal Hispanic, Latino, and progressive followers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">These changed circumstances have made the contract impracticable since it would result in economic and reputational damage to the José Andrés brand.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The contract between Trump and José Andrés is thus void for impracticability and thus unenforceable. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If not, the court should find that the contract is void for commercial frustration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">B. Commercial Frustration <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The contract between Trump and Andrés is void for commercial frustration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Courts find contracts void for commercial frustration when a party’s principle purpose is substantially frustrated, without the complaining witness’ fault, and the event was a basic assumption on which the contract was made.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In <u>Groseth Int’l., Inc. v. Tenneco, Inc.</u>, for instance, the plaintiff’s claim rested on an alleged frustration of economic depression in the farm economy resulting in serous economic losses.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The court instead found the actual frustration was the plaintiff’s decision to sell off its division of assets and withdrawal from the market.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because it was the plaintiff’s actions that lead to the frustration, the court held the doctrine of commercial frustration did not apply.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In this case, Andrés’ creative restaurants are a celebration of different cultures, many of which are inspired from Latin America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Associated with his brand, image, and reputation as a culinary expert, is Andrés’ unique restaurant concepts, which integrate art, music, and of course food, from different cultures, which in unison offer culturally rich experiences to their guests. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">His most recent DC restaurant China Chilcano is, for instance, a celebration of the amalgamation of Peruvian and Chinese cuisine inspired from the Chinese-Peruvian subculture. Guests are exposed to a menu that parallels the two universes that are Peruvian and Chinese cuisine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Amongst the options are for instance, sushi and ceviche; pisco sour and sake; and hoisin and tamarind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Restaurant guests can sit on the ground asian-style, under a ceiling ordained with geoglyphs and biomorphs found in Nazca, Peru, which are emblems of pre-Columbian Peru. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Through restaurants like China Chilcano, José Andrés restaurants are intended to bring other cultures and countries to life.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The purpose of opening a José Andrés restaurant in a building owned by Trump is, therefore, frustrated by Trump’s narrow-mindedness and xenophobic remarks against immigrants, particularly Mexican immigrants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />The contract between Trump and Andrés should be void under the Frustration of Purpose because Trump’s intolerant remarks against immigrants frustrates the purpose of a José Andrés restaurant which seek to provide both a cultural and culinary experiences. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">C. Trump’s Breach of a Potential Morality Clause <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">The contract between Trump and Andrés is void for breach a potential morality clause. Morality clauses, if included in a contract, serve as a sort of backdoor exit for contracting parties when one party does something that might degrade the other party’s reputation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">In Bernsen v. Innovative Legal Marketing, LLC</span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">, for instance, the agreement between the parties contained a morality clause prohibiting a party from doing anything that might bring the other party into public disrepute.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">While the disputed contract between Andrés and Trump has not been released to the public, often times, business contracts include a morality clause.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the contract between Andrés and Trump included such a morality clause, then it is likely that Trump breached the contract first, as Trump has failed to conduct himself with regard for public morals and decency.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Andrés’ indirect endorsement of Trump by compliance with the contract would besmirch the José Andrés brand as it would bring into question his reputation in the community and amongst followers, who believe in the José Andrés philosophy that food can change the world.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The contract between Trump and Andrés should be void for breach of a morality clause, if one was included. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">VI. Conclusion <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The contract between José Andrés and Donald Trump should be void for commercial impracticability, frustration of purpose, breach of a potential morality clause. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <!--EndFragment--><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
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<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Michelle Ye Hee Lee, Donald Trump’s False Comments Connecting Mexican Immigrants and Crime, The Washington Post, July 8, 2015, available at <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/07/08/donald-trumps-false-comments-connecting-mexican-immigrants-and-crime/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/07/08/donald-trumps-false-comments-connecting-mexican-immigrants-and-crime/</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Kyle McCarthy, The Complete Interactive List of Those Dumping Trump, The Huffington Post, July 7, 2015, available at <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kyle-mccarthy/the-complete-interactive-_b_7733370.html">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kyle-mccarthy/the-complete-interactive-_b_7733370.html</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Emily Heil, José Andrés Hits Back At Trump Over Restaurant Deal; Counter-Sues For $8 Million, The Washington Post, Oct. 7, 2015, available at <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2015/10/07/jose-andres-hits-back-at-trump-over-restaurant-deal-counter-sues-for-8-million/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2015/10/07/jose-andres-hits-back-at-trump-over-restaurant-deal-counter-sues-for-8-million/</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <u>National Ass’n of Postmasters of the United States v. Hyatt Regency Washington</u>, 89 A.2d 471, 477 n. 5 (D.C. 2006)(citing <u>Transatlantic Fin. Corp. v. Unites States</u>, 363 F. 2d 312, 315 (1966). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <u>National Ass’n of Postmasters of U.S. v. Hyatt Regency Washington</u>, 894 A.2d 471, 475 (D.C. 2006). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Barrett Holms Pitner, Ok , This Trump Thing Isn’t Funny Anymore, The Daily Beast, Aug. 27, 2015, available at http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/27/okay-this-trump-thing-isn-t-funny-anymore.html.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <u>Id.</u> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <u>See</u> <u>Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. U.S.</u>, 379 U.S. 241, (Dec. 14, 1964). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Lorenzo Ferrigno, Donald Trump: Boston Beating is ‘Terrible,’ CNN Politics, August 21, 2015, Trump, available at <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/20/politics/donald-trump-immigration-boston-beating/">http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/20/politics/donald-trump-immigration-boston-beating/</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Alana Horowitz Satlin, WATCH: Trump Rally Turns Violent, The Huffington Post, Oct. 15, 2015, available at <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-rally-fight_561f609ce4b0c5a1ce6215cf">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-rally-fight_561f609ce4b0c5a1ce6215cf</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Telephonic Interview with Tony Varona, Dean at American University Washington College of Law, September 24, 2015. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <u>Groseth Int’l, Inc. v. Tenneco, Inc.</u>, 410 N.W.2d 159, 165 (S.D. 1987) (citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 265 (1981)).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <u>Id.</u> at 166. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <u>Id.</u> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <u>See, e.g</u>., Tom Sietsema, China Chilcano Review: Strap in For Fun, But Bumpy, Ride from José Andrés, Washington Post Magazine, (describing the piscou sours as brining Lima to Washington in restaurant review) April 1, 2015, available at <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/china-chilcano-restaurant-review-strap-in-for-a-fun-but-bumpy-ride/2015/03/24/f770428e-c822-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html">https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/china-chilcano-restaurant-review-strap-in-for-a-fun-but-bumpy-ride/2015/03/24/f770428e-c822-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <u>Bernsen v. Innovative Legal Marketing, LLC</u>, 885 F.Supp.2d 830, 834 (E.D. Va. 2012). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <u>See</u> Ford & Harrison LLP, Morals Clause Forecloses Claim of San Antonio TV Reporter, Texas Employment Law Letter, 21 No 8 Tex. Emp. L. Letter 2. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Standard (for an example of a standard morality clause). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <u>Id.</u> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-68208986253760668302013-02-06T11:38:00.001-05:002016-03-21T20:41:05.507-04:00Plead Out, Get Deported: The Right to Effective Council<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">The Supreme Court has taken on many groundbreaking cases this term, daring to clarify issues regarding same-sex marriage, immigrant rights, and habeas corpus petitions.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of particular interest is the case <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chaidez v. United States</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This case deals with non-citizen rights following a criminal conviction or guilty plea.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is of particular importance because once non-citizens are convicted or plead guilty to a crime, they can be deported.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 2003, Chaidez plead guilty to mail fraud and was subsequently deported.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 2010, she filed a motion for a writ of coram nobis, asserting that her attorney was ineffective for not alerting her that she would be deported if she plead guilty.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">While her motion was being considered, the court held in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Padilla v. Kentucky</i> that council must inform his or her client that a guilty plea can lead to deportation in order to provide effective council.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The district court in turn vacated Chaidez’s conviction holding that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Padilla</i> interpreted the rule of an earlier case.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The appellate later court reversed the district court’s ruling and reinstated her conviction, holding that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Padilla</i> was a new rule that could not be applied retroactively.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">The Supreme Court’s decision to address the rights of non-citizens residing in the United States is extremely important.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Department of Homeland Security estimates that approximately 19.7 million non-citizens are living legally in the United States.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This figure includes non-citizens that have been granted asylum from violence and torture in their home countries.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This decision will determine whether the law will force council to give their client the information necessary to truly make an informed decision about their future and will provide non-citizens with the option to weigh the pros and cons of a plea bargain, knowing they could be deported for it.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the Supreme Court decides to interpret <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Padilla</i> as an application of a prior rule, it will apply to cases like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chaidez</i> where a non-citizen was not fully aware of her rights and made a decision that sent her back to the country she escaped years ago.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Supreme Court is obligated to fully pursue justice.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This term we will learn whether the Supreme Court fulfills that obligation by holding that non-citizens have the right to effective council and the right to know the consequences of their decisions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Lisa Schmidt, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supreme Court 2012-2013 Term Preview</i>, Legal Information Institute, <a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/preview_2012-13">http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/preview_2012-13</a> (last visited Feb. 6, 2013).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> Chaidez v. United States, 655 F.3d 684 (7th Cir. 2011), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cert. granted</i>, 80 U.S.L.W. 3429 (U.S. Apr. 30, 2012) (No. 11-820). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Department of Homeland Security Office of Immigration Statistics, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Estimates of the Legal Permanent Resident Population in 2011</i>, http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ois_lpr_pe_2011.pdf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Ethan Roman & Dan Youngblut, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chaidez v. United States</i>, Legal Information Institute, http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/11-820.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-68666350351961529842013-01-22T17:50:00.000-05:002013-02-06T11:50:37.006-05:00On the 40th Anniversary of Roe v. Wade, The Modern American Looks Forward <!--StartFragment-->
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<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">by Samantha Aster, Executive Editor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Today marks the 40th anniversary of Roe v. Wade. This historic decision secured the right of choice for American women and mainstreamed the abortion debate for generations. The decision declared a fundamental right for women to decide whether to bear children, subject to constraints in the interest of the protection of maternal life or health, and an interest in potential life. Abortion rights have since been limited, but the main effect of the decision is still in place today. As the basic tenets of the decision have stood firm over time, the debate over a woman’s right to exercise control over her own body continues. Since 1973, states have enacted sweeping legislation to further restrict, and in some cases almost ban, access to abortion related services. Similar measures in Congress have failed, but the effects are still widespread, especially in lower income and poverty stricken areas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Support for Roe v. Wade is at its highest levels in history; seven in ten people believe that the decision should be upheld.<a href="null" name="_ftnref"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"> Pro-choice groups are actively recruiting candidates to protect and defend the decision in courts and in the political arena. Emily’s List currently has an all day boot camp focusing on recruiting female candidates to run for office who will defend the legal right to an abortion. Even though public opinion generally supports the right to choice in most circumstances, Republican-controlled state legislatures are continuing to pass legislation that restricts this right. Republican lawmakers in Ohio are planning on reintroducing a bill that would ban abortions as soon as the fetal heartbeat is detected, which usually occurs around six to seven weeks into pregnancy.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref;"> The Alabama Supreme Court recently declared fetuses to be children under state law, and pro-life activists in the state hope they can now prosecute<a href="null" name="_GoBack"></a> those who seek abortions for child abuse.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> The long-fought battle for a woman’s right to choose is far from over, but we can be sure that the effects of Roe will continue to be acknowledged for years to come. </span><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Louise Radnofsky & Ashby Jones, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Support Grows for Roe v. Wade</i>, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323301104578255831504582200.html.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Laura Bassett, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On Roe v. Wades 40th Anniversary EMILY’s List Recruits Female Candidates to Defend It</i>, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/22/roe-v-wade-anniversary_n_2525665.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Jessica Pieklo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alabama Supreme Court Declares a Fetus is a Child</i>, http://www.care2.com/causes/alabama-supreme-court-declares-a-fetus-is-a-child.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-60731342667987037112011-03-28T01:31:00.000-04:002011-03-28T01:31:26.317-04:00Court Allows Paraplegic Mother Visitation Rights<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">By: Zannie Carlson</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">March 26, 2011 marked a legal victory for mother, Abbie Dorn, when the Los Angeles County Court temporarily granted Dorn injunctive relief holding that she had children’s visitation rights. Severe <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-0326-dorn-20110326,0,135361.story">complications</a> during the labor of triplets led to Dorn’s permanent disability. As a paraplegic, Dorn’s primary mode of communication is through a series of blinks, which, following divorce, the father of the children deemed psychologically harmful to the triplets. The father chose to raise the children on his own, barring Dorn from visiting. Consequently, Dorn has only seen her children <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8408345/Disabled-mother-Abbie-Dorn-fighting-for-the-right-to-see-her-triplets.html">three times</a> since their birth in 2006; it wasn’t until last year that the father even <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8408345/Disabled-mother-Abbie-Dorn-fighting-for-the-right-to-see-her-triplets.html">told</a> his now-four year old daughters that they had a mother.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">The court tentatively found that although Dorn’s interaction with her children is significantly impaired, the children still have the ability to interact with their mother. The court found that such interaction would in fact be <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-0326-dorn-20110326,0,135361.story">beneficial</a> to their psychological growth. This decision is still early in the case’s development, as a <a href="http://d-map.org/aggregator">full trial</a> is set for later this year. Nevertheless, Dorn and her parents, who filed suit on behalf of their daughter, are celebrating this temporary holding as a sign of the success to come. The fact that the case may end at the county level may limit its effect but the case, nonetheless, marks a notable achievement in disability rights.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">--Zannie Carlson</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i>TMA Staff Writer</i></span></div>The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-77303070776483956112011-03-20T19:44:00.000-04:002016-03-21T20:43:50.593-04:00Do You Have A Receipt For That Rape?<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fancy filing away that receipt for your hush-hush abortion along with your latest business entertainment expenses? The </span><a href="http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h112-3"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">No Taxpayer Funding For Abortion Act</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> might just make it so you have to. This bill, </span><a href="http://motherjones.com/mojo/2010/12/end-abortion-insurance"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">introduced by</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> representatives Dan Lipinski (D-Ill.) and Chris Smith (R-N.J.), has significant support from the GOP (and some Democrats) and is expected to sail through the House of Representatives. Slightly modified from its original version, which only recognized "forcible" rape, the bill now focuses on federal funding for abortions with some flagrantly ill-devised consequences. The bill mandates that federal funds not be used to fund an abortion, unless it was the result of rape or incest, or seriously endangers the life of the mother. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In a </span><a href="http://motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2011/03/limits-tax-jihadism"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">marked departure</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> from the GOP's traditional take on tax breaks, which asserts that tax break money belongs to the taxpayer, in this bill, the GOP furthers the idea that tax credits and deductions are federal funds. Enter IRS. Although vague in its description of enforcement measures, the bill could result in creating a new role for IRS agents - the abortion police. The </span><a href="http://www.jct.gov/about-us/overview.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Joint Tax Committee</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> offered various different interpretations of the bill and how it would affect the tax code. The </span><a href="http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/03/gop-bill-irs-abortion-audits"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">worst of these</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> would be questions on tax forms ("Have you had an abortion? Did you keep your receipt?") or IRS audits, with victims of rape having to relive their ordeals in conversations with IRS agents. The taxpayer, probably a woman, would have to provide proof of the incident and corroborate facts about the abortion, rape, and etcetera. The IRS won't comment on bills, but it's certain IRS agents will not enjoy this new role.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Critics of this bill attack its poor word-choice and want of clarity, and the drafters of this bill have refused to comment on it. Although </span><a href="http://motherjones.com/mojo/2010/12/end-abortion-insurance"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pro-life groups</span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8093576483480265991" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> claim they are interested solely in regulating federal funding for abortions, the bill, if it becomes law, will definitely affect the tax code and the health insurance industry (the bill has an entire section on tax benefits!). Employers may not be able to take tax deductions for health plans offering abortion coverage (the largest tax break for businesses), and the resulting lack of demand for these plans could result in no private insurance coverage for abortions. Despite strong support, the fate of this bill remains to be seen. But as the country tracks the progress of this bill, don't forget, dear taxpayer, to keep your receipt for that abortion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-22371923076610035472011-03-13T18:01:00.000-04:002016-03-21T20:44:03.639-04:00Amidst Financial Crisis, Politicians Try to Redirect our Attention to the Usual Scapegoats<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The March 21 edition of <i>The Nation</i> features an <a href="http://www.thenation.com/article/158992/why-washington-doesnt-care-about-jobs"><span style="color: #0070c0;">article</span></a> on Washington’s lackluster efforts in improving the lives of unemployed or soon-to-be laid off Americans: Finding that individuals with college degrees comprise less than half of the unemployment rate, the article observes that “while the overall economy continues to suffer through the worst labor market since the Great Depression, the elite centers of power have recovered.” </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The article also finds that D.C. has perversely thrived compared to the rest of the nation, attributing to this phenomenon “the detachment of the current Washington political conversation from the economic realities working-class, middle-class and poor people face.” The insularity of Washingtonians allow politicians to remain dissociated from the issues they ostensibly seek to address. As <a href="http://www.thenation.com/article/158992/why-washington-doesnt-care-about-jobs">“the unemployment has barely budged,”</a> Washington, as well as other elite politicians have focused their time on eroding women’s rights. For example, the House just passed a bill proposing that the federal budget should cut federal funding for Planned Parenthood, a non-profit-run clinic which provides women with affordable reproductive healthcare nationwide. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">While one <a href="http://www.thenation.com/article/158981/war-womens-futures"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">writer</span></a> worries that “shrouded in the language of fiscal austerity, the GOP’s social agenda intends to . . .forc[e] women back into the domestic sphere,” my concern primarily lies with minority, low-income women. If the politicians were thinking about the policy implications of their legislation, they would likely realize that taking away access to contraception and abortion would raise the birthrate, particularly for poor, minority, or immigrant females, who are more likely to lack the resources to seek alternatives. Feminist <span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">blog </span><a href="http://jezebel.com/#!5769432/mom-is-pissed-about-daughters-image-on-anti+abortion-billboard"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jezebel</span></a><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> cites some statistics: “almost 20 percent of African-Americans nationwide don't have a usual source of health care, and many rely on Planned Parenthood for routine services that have nothing to do with abortion, itself only three percent of Planned Parenthood's operations. And 23 percent of African-American women are uninsured, compared to 14 percent of non-Hispanic whites.”</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span>Assuming that only a few of these women are not driven to get abortions extralegally, then they will have children they cannot afford, and will likely cost the state more than what the state would save by eliminating Planned Parenthood programs. To be fair to Washington, politicians in <a href="http://www.salon.com/life/broadsheet/2010/04/28/oklahoma_abortion">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="http://www.rhrealitycheck.org/blog/2010/02/20/utah-bill-criminalizes-miscarriage">Utah</a>, even swinger state <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ohio-heartbeat-bill-abortion-paves-roe-wade-challenge/story?id=12876224">Ohio</a> are also jumping on the jeopardizing women’s reproductive rights bandwagon. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If the function of these laws does not actually alleviate financial burdens in the state and federal budgets, why are politicians pushing so hard against women right now? By using financial rhetoric as the basis of these proposed laws, the controversy not only diverts citizens away from the <i>real</i> root problems of the financial crisis, but it also gives us a recycled group to blame. When the economy is in a downturn, politicians rhetorically invert the social hierarchy, so that groups who traditionally occupy the lower rungs of the social hierarchy and are in positions of least power, like racial and ethnic minorities and women, are suddenly placed in the spotlight for all of the wrong reasons. This time, Planned Parenthood threatens the financial stability of the nation, while our military budget this year borders on a mere <a href="http://www.globalissues.org/article/75/world-military-spending">one trillion dollars</a>. Remind me again, who is really jeopardizing our economy?</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i>TMA Staff Writer</i></span></span></div>
The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-34818510191410857042011-02-28T00:26:00.000-05:002011-02-28T00:26:22.984-05:00Wisconsin Workers’ Woes: Fiscally Sound or Unions Aground?<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">By: Shailee Diwanji</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In 1959, </span><a href="http://reasonablecitizen.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/wisconsins-union-busting-bill/"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Wisconsin was the first state</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> to pass a comprehensive collective bargaining law for public employees and was the birthplace of the national union representing all non-federal public employees. In a dramatic shift, today, </span><a href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/02/25/wisconsin.budget.bill/index.html?hpt=Sbin"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Wisconsin's Assembly passed a bill attempting to curb union rights</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. Protests, both for and against the bill, have been underway across the country for weeks. But the fight is far from over. Wisconsin's Senate is now in the hot seat, as it gears up to tackle this bill. And with the fourteen "missing" Democratic state senators (they can be found in Illinois in an effort to prevent a quorum from voting on the issue), this could prove to be a real challenge. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The </span><a href="http://legis.wisconsin.gov/2011/data/SB-13.pdf"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">bill</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> creates an interesting dichotomy. It purports to reign in fiscal spending and end the budgetary woes (or at least begin to), but many are concerned that it may foreshadow the demise of unions. The bill terminates collective bargaining for most public employees and requires employees to contribute heavily to their pensions and health care. On the other hand, the bill bars unions from forcing employees to pay dues and does not terminate collective bargaining rights for local police, firefighters, and state troopers. Most significantly, the bill has the potential to save up to </span><a href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/02/25/wisconsin.budget.bill/index.html?hpt=Sbin"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">$300 million</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> over the next two years.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Although the battle appears to be largely political and based on fiscal policy, it implicates the centuries old battle between the rich and the poor. Unions, according to its ardent advocates, allow the American middle class to bargain for increased wages and benefits, better job security, and guaranteed retirement benefits. These may seem like meager demands when pitted against the inflated bonuses doled out on Wall Street. Without a doubt, the passage of this bill could deteriorate the quality of education and other public services in the state. But budgetary problems are looming large. The result of continued fiscal irresponsibility could be unquestionably devastating. One Ohio state senator pointed to </span><a href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/02/23/unions.future/index.html?iref=allsearch"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Camden, New Jersey</span></a><a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> saying, "It's an example of where the union refused to renegotiate, and now that city is suffering a 45 percent reduction in the size of its police force because management had no choice." <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">This bill has elicited passionate responses on both sides of the issue. As neighboring states move to adopt similar legislation, the people are left with a difficult question. Is this sound fiscal policy, or simply a strategy to widen the rift between the economic classes?</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">-- Shailee Diwanji</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">TMA Staff Writer</span></span></i></div>The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-21877042378162720452011-02-16T23:29:00.000-05:002011-02-16T23:29:06.261-05:00Terminating the Parental Rights of Undocumented Immigrants<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">By: Shailee Diwanji</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The recent media coverage of the illegal termination of undocumented immigrant </span><a href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/01/25/missouri.immigrant.child/index.html?hpt=T2"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Encarnacion Bail Romero's parental rights</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> has, once again, brought the issue of the parental rights of undocumented immigrants to the forefront. While, under law, an individual's immigration status is unrelated to his or her parental rights, we are increasingly witnessing the tenuous connection that does, in fact, exist between the two. Bail Romero's case exemplifies the numerous injustices and flagrant violations of due process that undocumented immigrant parents may be subjected to. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bail Romero was picked up by INS in a 2007 raid at the factory at which she was working. She was imprisoned for using a stolen Social Security Number and deportation proceedings were initiated against her. Meanwhile, </span><a href="http://restorefairness.org/tag/encarnacion-bail-romero/"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ms. Romero’s then six-month-old son</span></a><a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, Carlitos, was cared for first by Ms. Romero’s brother, then by her sister, and then by a clergy couple who offered to help. The clergy couple sought to adopt the boy, but when Ms. Romero refused and asked that her son be placed in foster care, the couple introduced the boy to the Mosers. Carlitos, now renamed Carlos, was placed under guardianship of the Mosers, who first petitioned for temporary custody, and a year later, filed for adoption. Since Ms. Romero, who was still in prison, had not sought to visit her son in over a year, a judge approved the adoption. Ms. Romero, who spoke no English, was left with no way to plead her side. Last month, the Missouri Supreme Court ruled that the State had terminated Ms. Romero's parental rights without a fair trial in violation of its own laws, which require a trial in such cases. The court, however, refused to return the child to Ms. Romero, and instead ordered a new trial. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.theworld.org/2010/12/06/parental-rights-illegal-immigrants/"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Professor Marcia Zug</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> at the University of South Carolina, School of Law, has researched several such cases and says that this chain of events is far more common than we may think. In fact, children are separated from their undocumented parents by state welfare agencies even before their parents' immigration status is called into question. The reason for such separation is usually "abuse and neglect." "Abuse and neglect," however, can range from violence to the </span><a href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2010/08/13/2010-08-13_illegal_immigrant_sues_over_lost_custody_of_child_in_mississippi.html"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">inability to speak English</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> or simply the </span><a href="http://www.avvo.com/legal-guides/ugc/separation-deportation-termination-presented-by-thomas-esparza"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">undocumented status of the parent</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">. The latter cases are usually dismissed on appeal; but in the case of an undocumented immigrant, the opportunity to appeal may only occur after he or she is deported and left without an opportunity to do so.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- Shailee Diwanji</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i>TMA Staff Writer</i></span></span></div>The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-23160335684745190812011-02-14T00:26:00.000-05:002011-02-14T00:26:58.842-05:00From ‘Victim’ to ‘Accuser’: A Misguided Attempt at Courtroom Neutrality?<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">By: Shailee Diwanji</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Last November, Georgia State Rep. Bobby Franklin introduced a bill to <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/02/07/georgia.rape.law/index.html">re-label "victims" of rape, stalking, and domestic violence cases, "accusers."</a> The bill seeks to "amend Titles 16 and 17 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated, relating to criminal law and criminal procedure, respectively, so as to change the term 'victim' to the term 'accuser' in the context of a number of statutes making reference to the circumstances where there has not yet been a criminal conviction."</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The bill seems to have been met with little support from both sides of the aisle. Most agree that this bill could create an <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/04/georgia-lawmaker-redefine-rape-victims-accusers_n_818718.html">additional barrier</a> to reporting the already underreported crime of rape. Worse, the bill disproportionately affects women, who form the majority of victims of rape and sexual assault. Besides creating a disincentive for victims to come forward, the bill leaves a glaringly obvious question unanswered - Are victims of these unreported crimes not victims at all, but simply accusers? Even when these crimes are reported, convictions are generally difficult to get and this bill just makes it more difficult to get a conviction because it insinuates, perhaps unintentionally, that the crime was fabricated. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Many want to know why these crimes were specifically targeted for reformation. As Carolyn Fiddler, the communications director for the Democratic Legislative Committee, pointed out, "Burglary victims are still victims. Assault victims are still victims. Fraud victims are still victims." There is, however, some merit to the notion of <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/02/07/georgia.rape.law/index.html">neutralizing the language used in the courtroom</a><a href="" name="_GoBack"></a> to encourage jurors to focus on the facts of the case rather than the emotions that necessarily accompany it. But even the proponents of language neutrality in courtrooms admit that "accuser" sounds rather hostile. Instead, they recommend "complainant," a term currently used in Pennsylvania. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The outcome of this Georgia bill remains to be seen. The Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee has organized a petition urging Republicans to denounce this bill. It can be found at: <a href="http://www.change.org/petitions/rape-victims-are-not-accusers">http://www.change.org/petitions/rape-victims-are-not-accusers</a>.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- Shailee Diwanji</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i>TMA Staff Writer</i></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div>The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-53789571813556589472011-02-12T12:20:00.002-05:002011-02-14T00:27:40.340-05:00Reconceptualizing Race Across Campus: Multiracial Youth’s Engagement in Identity Projects<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">By: Zannie Carlson</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In my Critical Race Theory course, we have been discussing a contingent of critical race theorists who asserted that race should no longer be considered a relevant means of self-identification. These theorists’ rationale is that the social construct of race has been used to oppress and divide, and by rejecting these dangerous categories, individuals of color will be better able to create unity based on personality or humanity rather than skin tone. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">However, increasing numbers of <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/us/30mixed.html?_r=1">multiracial youth</a> have been engaging in a different kind of racial project where they assert and embrace both parents’ lineages in efforts to celebrate their multiracial identities. The student<i> </i>organizations offer support for mixed-race individuals, who are more common in American society now more than ever before. Likewise, more individuals are filling “other” as their racial identity on the census so that they do not choose one parent’s racial background over another’s. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Shifting demographics and attitudes hardly makes us post-racial, however. Part of the reason for establishing these organizations originates from students’ interest in creating a safe space to express their experiences to address a defining characteristic that strangers and friends tip-toe around, misrepresent, or misunderstand. America’s racial hierarchy is not broken, but rather accommodated for multiracial individuals. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">What is most moving about these student organizations, however, is the fact that they are encouraging dialogue. Through dialogue, the students promote cross-racial understanding. These connections may have a more profound effect on attitudes on multiculturalism than the diversity itself.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- Zannie Carlson</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"> <i>TMA Staff Writer</i></span></div>The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-23483935040733773542011-02-12T12:17:00.005-05:002011-02-14T00:28:14.104-05:00Caught between Honoring History and Celebrating Slavery<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">By: Zannie Carlson</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2011 marks the 150-year anniversary of the Civil War, and the South is gearing up to honor history and heritage in various celebrations that glorify the antebellum South. There will even be a <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/30/us/30confed.html?_r=1&ref=us">‘“secession ball” in the former slave port of Charleston.”</a><span style="color: black;"> Amid public controversy, Virginia retracted its proposal for an </span><a href="http://www.governor.virginia.gov/OurCommonwealth/Proclamations/2010/ConfederateHistoryMonth.cfm">April Confederate History month</a><span style="color: black;">, which honored Confederate soldiers’ sacrifices, but failed to mention slavery. </span>Being a Yankee myself, I have never fully understood the Southern pride that seems to stem from secession and the establishment of the Confederacy itself, but I wonder if history, culture, and upbringing comingle in our not taking advantage of an opportunity to engage in dialogue and deepen understandings of American history.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Southern and Northern identity construction further divided as the North supplanted an agrarian lifestyle with industrialization. A Northern interpretation of the postbellum South would assert that following the Civil War, Southerners sought to reestablish the antebellum status quo and reject Northern Reconstructionist policy by engaging in racial terrorism, while Southerners highlight resistance as part of their heritage. The destruction of social structures and institutions essential to white Southerners’ way of life were no longer viable options resulted in chaos in the South. The lack of alternative means to sustenance was so prevalent that many ex-slaves went back to their masters to work as farmhands.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">I figure a lot of this is common knowledge to many of us, but my intent in highlighting the two interpretations of the Southern experience is that there is still a social barrier in which the South still has an interest in sanitizing history in defense of the North’s knee-jerk exclamations of racism. I don’t think it’s the celebrations themselves that are necessarily racist, but if they are promoted without the understanding of the social and racial context in which the South operated at the time, Southern states would be doing more than a disservice in miseducating the public and misrepresenting history. I think that necessary in the celebration of the anniversary is a healthy acknowledgment of how both the North and South depended on slave labor to drive the economy. As one historian noted, <a href="http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/usa/features/article_1607017.php/150-years-since-US-Civil-War-still-Yankees-versus-Rednecks-Feature">'Now we find some attention also in the North.... We can mourn without the allegation that all Southerners are rednecks who want to defend slavery. How many soldiers had slaves?'</a> Forwarding more complicated understandings of both regions’ roles in the institution both discourages the blame game and promotes a richer understanding of the relationship between Blacks and whites in America today.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/usa/features/article_1607017.php/150-years-since-US-Civil-War-still-Yankees-versus-Rednecks-Feature">One article</a> argued that America may be closer than ever before in repairing psychological war wounds between the two regions, as <a href="http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/usa/features/article_1607017.php/150-years-since-US-Civil-War-still-Yankees-versus-Rednecks-Feature">it noted Georgia’s remarkable reinterpretation of the Civil War since the centennial, from a defense of a Northern invasion to a defense of the institution of slavery.</a> As increasing numbers of African Americans take prominent positions of power in American society, it will be interesting to see how public perceptions of the Civil War and attitudes between the North and South will further evolve over time. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- Zannie Carlson</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">TMA Staff Writer</span></i></span></div></div>The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-52376810329256573372011-01-23T19:19:00.000-05:002011-01-23T19:19:29.643-05:00WCL students will present an oral argument against the DOJ<div class="MsoNormal">On January 25, the UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic will present an oral argument against the Department of Justice in the Fourth Circuit on behalf of David Johnson, a United States citizen who is facing deportation. Mr. Johnson has been wrongfully held in immigration detention for more than two years while the U.S. government has tried to deport him to Jamaica, a country Mr. Johnson has not seen for over three decades.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Mr. Johnson derived U.S. citizenship as a child when his father became a naturalized U.S. citizen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the government tried to deport Mr. Johnson in 1998, an immigration judge reviewed documentary evidence, decided that Mr. Johnson was a citizen, and terminated the removal proceedings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This has not stopped the government from trying yet again to litigate the issue of Mr. Johnson’s citizenship. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">What is at stake in this case is whether an individual such as Mr. Johnson is entitled to repose—a concept protected by the legal doctrines of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">res judicata</i> and collateral estoppel—or whether the government can litigate the same issue repeatedly, perhaps ceaselessly until it obtains the result it desires.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the past eighteen years, the U.S. government has denied Mr. Johnson repose by subjecting him to three sets of removal proceedings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Mr. Johnson’s case also raises important questions dealing with the Equal Protection Clause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the government’s interpretation of the relevant statute, Mr. Johnson’s parents must have been married and subsequently legally separated in order for him to derive U.S. citizenship.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The government’s interpretation of this statute effectively penalizes a child for the actions of his parents, namely his parents’ failure to marry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A constitutional reading of the statute would not discriminate between the child of parents who are married and parents who are unwed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, Congress deleted the language requiring a legal separation in a revised version of the statute, but these revisions do not apply retroactively.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Angad Singh, a third-year law student, will be arguing with the assistance of third and second-year law students, Brenda L. Robles and Rachel Zoghlin. The oral argument is scheduled for 9:30 a.m. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For more information on the case, please contact the UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic at <a href="mailto:unrowclinic@american.edu" target="_blank">unrowclinic@american.edu</a>.<o:p></o:p></div>The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-9708992312753987282011-01-19T12:53:00.000-05:002011-01-19T12:53:56.632-05:00Gay Marriage News That You May Have Missed<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Gay marriage is an issue worth keeping up with even if your queer politics are not inclined to focus on issues affecting mostly conventional, privileged gay couples. The gay marriage battle is constantly evolving, and consists of a landscape that is more complex than most people know, involving an overlay of statutory and constitutional <a href="http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/reports/issue_maps/samesex_relationships_7_09.pdf">ban</a>s on same-sex marriage, and <a href="http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/reports/issue_maps/rel_recog_9_10_color.pdf">alternative forms of couple recognition</a> like civil unions, and domestic partnerships. Some states even have prohibitions on same-sex marriage, while they offer alternative forms of couple recognition. It is a cracked, uneven surface ahead. </span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Nonetheless there are two related developments that you may have missed over the holiday season. </span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">First, the good news. Illinois <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/01/illinois-civil-unions-bil_2_n_790595.html">approved</a> a civil union measure called <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">The Illinois Religious Freedom and Civil Union Act in late November. The bill is expected to be signed in the near future. The new law will <a href="http://articles.cnn.com/2010-12-01/us/illinois.civil.unions_1_civil-union-act-couples-legal-relationship?_s=PM:US">allow</a> same-sex couples to enjoy spousal benefits though under civil union instead of marriage recognition. </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">And in terms of bad news, WCL's very own Nancy Polikoff <a href="http://beyondstraightandgaymarriage.blogspot.com/2011/01/new-mexico-update-republican-governor.html">reported</a> on the Beyond (Straight & Gay) Marriage blog that New Mexico's Republican Governor may repeal domestic partner benefits. Domestic partner benefits, which were established by former Governor Bill Richardson by executive order, are currently available to same-sex and opposite-sex couples. The issue is in litigation, and is due for a Ninth Circuit hearing on February 14. We'll have to wait and see. </span></span></div>The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-78560433687638752372011-01-18T21:49:00.000-05:002011-01-18T21:49:09.823-05:00The "Atmospherics" Around Constitutionalism & The Healthcare LawBy Richael Faithful<br />
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On Wednesday the House of Representatives will <a href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2011/01/house-kicks-off-debate-over-he.html">vote</a> on H.R. 2, the "Repealing the Job-Killing Health Care Law Act," otherwise known as the Republican bill to repeal the health care law (Affordable Care Act). Throngs of legal scholars have defended the health care law's constitutionality--including over 100 professors who have recently signed the American Constitution Society's <a href="http://www.acslaw.org/files/Legal%20Scholars_Health%20Care_Constitutional.pdf">statement</a> to that effect. Simply put, leading constitutional thinkers have reached a consensus that the federal government's authority exercised through the healthcare law is "unambiguous." So, if the people who think and breath the Constitution, from the ideological left and right, have no question about the law, why the fuss?<br />
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The fuss boils down to what some are describing as "radical constitutionalism" by certain political communities and constituents, namely the so-called Tea Party Movement. I use the less generous and sound-bite worthy term "selective constitutional literalism." The reason that some of the public is ignoring the constitutional experts is because they deeply believe in literal constitutional interpretation in which a person can read and point to a specific clause to refute or bolster broad claims about the law or their <i>own</i> rights. From this perspective all matters of law and policy are simple matters; the health care law's health care mandate provision is unconstitutional because there is no express constitutional language about the federal government's authority to require health care coverage. <i>Why is Big Government trying to make me buy their insurance? Isn't it my right to do what I want with my money</i>? <i>My health is my own business, not theirs. </i>End of story.<br />
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In reality, the health care law is really the beginning of a very interesting and important conversation not about its constitutionality, but on its opponents' socio-legal philosophy, as framed by Tom Ashbrook's On Point show, "<a href="http://www.onpointradio.org/2011/01/congress-constitution">Congress & Constitutional Arguments.</a>" Here, two constitutional scholars, a law/politics reporter, and the host illuminate that public backlash against the health care law, based on supposed constitutional principles, is little more than an isolated and selective reading of the Constitution, one which is frozen in a revisionist 1787 history.<br />
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The discussion highlighted two important points: 1) the Constitution must be read and understood in its entirety of have any coherent meaning; 2) it is fundamentally a pro-tax document which expressly invested the federal government with expanded powers over time via the Amendments; and 3) popular constitutional literalist movements are usually driven by "atmospherics" such as political and cultural skepticism of constitutional authorities (i.e. the country's first Black President, Barack Obama). The most disturbing fact is that the so-called Tea Party Movement reflects a <i>widely-held</i> belief that the Constitution is a literal, static, and ahistorical source of law, much like The Bible. In other words, Americans just don't get the Constitution, despite our democratic obligation as a free people to govern through it.<br />
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Most Congress watchers doubt that the repeal bill will go far, as it is expected to die in the Senate. Predictions are about the same for the law in courts, even though the issue may reach the highest court. But perhaps the most significant outcome of this debate is whether constitutional illiteracy will become real, and in effect, kill one of the most significant legislative measures of this century.The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-49242037736078188702011-01-07T15:24:00.004-05:002011-01-07T15:26:03.274-05:00Keep Ahead: Interesting American University Law School Spring Events To Look Out For<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Perhaps one of the coolest programs at American University, Washington College of Law (home of <i>TMA</i>) is the Founders' Day events. Dean of WCL, Claudio Grossman, through the initiative, funds a number of symposia, conferences, and events during the spring semester based on students' proposals. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"></span>They are free, open to the public, held at WCL in Northwest DC, and usually offer lunch or dinner depending on the time (only registration is required). It's a really neat way for folks to learn about legal happenings, engage in discussion, and connect with other like-minded people.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"></span>The Special Events website contains a comprehensive list of the events <a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/events.cfm">here</a>. We wanted to highlight several events:<br />
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<u><i>TMA</i> affiliated</u><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110323a.cfm">Minority Majority: The Social and Legal Implications of a Post-White America</a>, March 23, 6 - 8pm. Sponsored by <i>The Modern American</i>.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110413.cfm">Roots & Reality II: Hip Hop, Law, and Social Justice Organizing</a>, April 13, 10am - 2:30pm. Co-sponsored by <i>TMA</i>, WCL chapter of the National Lawyers Guild, Sports and Entertainment Law Society, and corporate sponsors, HBO & BET.</span><br />
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<u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">January</span></u><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110120a.cfm">12th Annual Martin Luther King Jr. Birthday Commemoration</a>, January 20, 4 - 6pm. Sponsored by the Office of Diversity Services. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110126.cfm">Responding to Anti-Muslim Bigotry</a>, January 26, 12 - 2pm. Sponsored by the Program on Law & Government, and the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110127a.cfm">Violence Against Native Women: Is the Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 A Step Forward? </a>January 27, 12 - 2pm. Sponsored by the Women and the Law Program. </span><br />
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<u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">February</span></u><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110201.cfm">Vulnerable Populations: LGBT Youth in the Correctional System and Foster Care.</a> February 1, 10am - 12pm. Sponsored by the Lambda Law Society and the Labor and Employment Law Forum. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110203.cfm">Housing Justice in the Nation's Capital: Strategies to Preserve Homes and Neighborhoods During the Foreclosure Crisis</a>, February 3, 1 - 5pm. Sponsored by the Community and Economic Development Clinic, the Disability Rights Law Clinic, and the General Practice Clinic. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110215a.cfm">Washington "Redskins": Pride or Prejudice? </a>February 15, 6 - 9pm. Sponsored by the Sports and Entertainment Law Society and the Program on Information Justice and Intellectual Property. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110217a.cfm">The Freedom Riders and the Progression to Post Racial America.</a> February 17, 5:30 - 9:30pm. Sponsored by the Black Law Students Association. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110225.cfm">Keeping the Needs of Students with Disabilities on the Agenda: Current Issues in Special Education Advocacy.</a> February 25, 9am - 5:30pm. Sponsored by the Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law, and the Disability Rights Law Clinic. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110225b.cfm">Tribes, Land, and the Environment.</a> February 25, 9am - 5pm. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110228.cfm">To Kill A Mockingbird: An Examination of Race and Justice 50 Years Later.</a> February 28, 12 - 2pm. </span><br />
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<em style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><u>March</u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"> </span></span></em><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110301a.cfm">14th Annual Hispanic Law Conference: The Role of the Legal Community in Addressing Latino Issues. </a>March 1, 4 - 9pm. Sponsored by the WCL Latino/a Law Students Association, Hispanic Bar Associations of DC, MD, and VA, and the Latina/o Alumni Association of WCL. </span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110324.cfm">Immigration Law Conflicting with Human Rights: Families Lost Through Deportation. </a>March 24, 9am - 5pm. Sponsored by the International Human Rights Law Clinic. </span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=8093576483480265991&postID=4924203773607818870">The New "Illegitimacy": Re-visiting Why Parentage Should Not Depend on Marriage. </a>March 25 - 26, 9 - 5pm. Sponsored by the Journal on Gender, Social Policy, and the Law, and the National Center for Lesbian Rights. </span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110328.cfm">The New Racism.</a> March 28, 2:30 - 5:30pm. Sponsored by the Journal on Gender, Social Policy, and the Law. </span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110330.cfm">The Fourth Annual WCL Asian Pacific Americans and the Law Alumni Awards Dinner.</a> March 30, 6 - 9pm. Sponsored by the Asian Pacific American Law Students Association and the Asian Pacific American Bar Association of DC. </span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">April</span></u></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110402.cfm">National South Asian Summit. </a>April 2 & 3, 9 - 5pm. Sponsored by the South Asian Law Students Association and South Asian Americans Leading Together. </span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110407.cfm">14th Annual Sylvania Woods Conference and African Americans in the Law. </a>April 7, 4 - 9pm. Sponsored by the Office of Diversity Services. </span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110411.cfm">Soul Food Seder.</a> Sponsored by the Jewish Law Students Association and the Black Law Students Association. </span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110414a.cfm">Tara's Crossing: LGBT Asylum-Seekers and the U.S. Immigration System. </a>April 14, 6 - 9pm. Sponsored by the Immigrant Justice Clinic, Immigrants' Rights Coalition, and the Lambda Law Society. </span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/secle/founders/2011/20110414a.cfm">The "New" American Workday: How 9 - 5 has become 24/7.</a> April 18, 9 - 5pm. Sponsored by the Labor and Employment Law Forum & the Labor and Employment Law Society. </span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;">Not in the DC area? No sweat. See WCL's </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/podcasts/">podcast collection</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"> to listen/watch the event you missed.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;">If you need practical information about transportation, accessibility, dietary accommodation requests or more, contact </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><i>The Modern American</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"> at </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><u>tma@wcl.american.edu</u></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;">, refer to this post, and we'll be glad to help. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;">See you at the events!</span></span>The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-90630098304428552002011-01-04T11:46:00.000-05:002011-01-04T11:46:54.369-05:00Announcing Fall 2010 TMA Issue - Volume 6 Issue 2<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje3lkQeWKRdU6y0w_euyV7qJSzjT4_LOLyiF8RF5hCIKozh7w-Df79Fh7bl73kpc04nkt9DzjxmvNpZ0RHbQgySwvMCG0LKXDg8xACU-Q67YwRQp3bxzaf-ctcP6ixMZ3bKZoNsjTl2x3W/s1600/Volume+6+Issue+2+Cover+Graphic+for+Digital+Commons.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" n4="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje3lkQeWKRdU6y0w_euyV7qJSzjT4_LOLyiF8RF5hCIKozh7w-Df79Fh7bl73kpc04nkt9DzjxmvNpZ0RHbQgySwvMCG0LKXDg8xACU-Q67YwRQp3bxzaf-ctcP6ixMZ3bKZoNsjTl2x3W/s1600/Volume+6+Issue+2+Cover+Graphic+for+Digital+Commons.JPG" /></a></div><br />
<em>The Modern American</em> is proud to announce publication of the Fall 2010 <a href="http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/tma/">issue</a>. This issue features five articles and five features on issues ranging from immigrant voting to sex-segregated athletics. Plus, check out exclusive interviews from authors and our LatCrit conference highlight at our <a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/modernamerican/">website</a>.<br />
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Finally, tell us what YOU think. Until March 1 <em>TMA</em> will be conducting a <a href="http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/SS6X3Q6">Readers' Survey</a>. A completed survey can enter you into a raffle for an ipod shuffle.The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-91094566803050964202010-12-22T22:06:00.000-05:002010-12-22T22:06:31.812-05:00Federal Lawsuit Against Company For Not Hiring Based on "Bad Credit History"The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission announced yesterday that it is <a href="http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/12-21-10a.cfm">suing</a> test prep-giant, Kaplan, for systemically denying blacks jobs due to their bad credit history. The <a href="http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/titlevii.cfm">Title VII (Civil Rights Act of 1964)</a> disparate impact case alleges that Kaplan has rejected applicants so often, for reasons that were not job-related, that their conduct amounted to an unlawful pattern or practice under federal law.<br />
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<i>Employee says to manager, "We couldn't hire Jamar because, you know, of his bad credit" (wink & nod).</i><br />
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This is an important lawsuit in the so-called age of colorblindness. If the allegations are true, Kaplan would have used credit history as a proxy for race to deny jobs to qualified candidates. How is this possible? It's pure math.<br />
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Blacks possess a fraction of the nation's prosperity in wealth compared to whites, and the gap is actually <a href="http://www.theroot.com/views/black-white-wealth-gap-growing">growing</a> despite the Obamas and the few other well-to-do black families that are in the public eye. A legacy and <i>continued patterns </i>of property denial/<a href="http://www.housingwire.com/2010/01/04/former-employees-allege-reverse-redlining-at-wells-fargo">predatory access</a> to credit, inferior education, limited job opportunities and <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/06/weekinreview/06Luo.html">advancement</a>, <a href="http://www.bizjournals.com/buffalo/stories/2010/09/27/daily11.html">lower earnings</a>, among other barriers connected to past and present racism, bring in and trap Blacks into generational cycles of debt. <i>TMA</i> applauds the EEOC for taking on this issue, even with expected backlash from colorblind proponents.<br />
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And for a brilliant illustration of how these systemic forces severely limit individuals' choices and debt-escaping opportunities, check out this post, <a href="http://abagond.wordpress.com/2010/12/07/if-america-were-a-game-of-monopoly/">"If America were a monopoly game."</a><br />
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We couldn't have explained it better ourselves.The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-77745827746731392152010-12-21T19:30:00.001-05:002010-12-21T19:33:51.867-05:00Progressive Legal News: Local Community Radio, Second-Parent Adoption Ruling, Lawsuit Challenging the Use of Mace Against Schoolchildren, and Consumer Rights' Case AnalysisToday we came across a number of news stories that should be of interest:<br />
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<b>Local Community Radio Act.</b> Timothy Karr of the Huffington Post wrote a nice <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/timothy-karr/the-little-bill-that-coul_b_798768.html?ref=fb&src=sp#sb=495100,b=facebook">summary</a> on the passage of this little-known bill-now-law, which will open up the radio airwaves to thousands of local independent radio stations. Great news for people who enjoy a variety of news and media sources.<br />
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<b>North Carolina Strikes Down Second-Parent Adoption.</b> This heap of <a href="http://beyondstraightandgaymarriage.blogspot.com/2010/12/second-parent-adoption-no-longer.html">bad news</a> is delivered via a wonderful blog, Beyond (Straight and Gay) Marriage, run by WCL's own, Professor <a href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/faculty/polikoff/">Nancy Polikoff</a>. Not only did the Court rule that second-parent adoption (most often the only means by which same-sex couples can adopt) is not available in the state, but the ruling <i>invalidates all previous adoptions</i>. Professor Polikoff is particularly angry at the biological parent of the former lesbian couple who brought this claim at the expense of North Carolina families. There are just so many reasons to be outraged--so many reasons.<br />
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<b>Southern Poverty Law Center Says "You Can't Mace School Children." </b>It's hard to believe that this issue has to be litigated but apparently Alabama has not received the memo that macing school children, as a form of school discipline, is not only wrong, but unconstitutional. SPLC <a href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/southern-poverty-law-center-files-federal-lawsuit-targeting-use-of-mace-on-birming?newsletter=TT122110#">announced </a>that it is filing suit against the Birmingham school officials who refused to address the issue after it had been brought to their attention that armed school guards were macing children, and apparently taunting the students after the fact. Yuck. If this issue is of interest, <i>TMA</i> is featuring in its soon-to-be released fall issue, an essay about the transition of schools into young people prisons, by Lizbet Simmons.<br />
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<b>Understanding a Major Consumer Rights Case, AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion.</b> The National Campaign to Restore Civil Rights (NCRCR) Interview Series continues this week with Catholic University's <a href="http://www.law.edu/Fac-Staff/MalveauxS/">Suzette Malveaux</a> who <a href="http://rollback.typepad.com/campaign/2010/12/ncrcr-interview-series-att-mobility-v-concepci%C3%B3n.html">breaks down</a> a California arbitration class action lawsuit that may have a big ripple effect on consumer protection and the public's access to justice against corporations.The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-82784874183512936932010-12-19T21:43:00.000-05:002010-12-19T21:43:25.095-05:00We Always Gotta Choose: Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal & The Dead DREAM (Act)It was a big political weekend for justice-seeking people this weekend. With big votes on the military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy and the DREAM Act taking place on Saturday, analysts are still making sense of the not-so-lame-duck session. But, in the meantime, <i>The New York Times</i> offered <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/us/politics/19dream.html">perspective</a> on the likely impact of the DREAM Act's failure on President Obama's immigration reform agenda, and MetroWeekly shared a concise, helpful <a href="http://www.metroweekly.com/poliglot/2010/12/todays-dadt-repeal-vote-by-the.html">history</a> of DADT.<br />
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<i>The Modern American</i> is celebrating the repeal of DADT, which we've tracked in recent months, <a href="http://wclmodernamerican.blogspot.com/2010/10/its-still-secret-but-not-for-long-dadt_25.html">here</a> and <a href="http://wclmodernamerican.blogspot.com/2010/10/dadt-doma-and-fidelity-to-constitution_25.html">here</a>, but we hope that the political season is not so virulently anti-immigrant that some positive legislation can pass next term. The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-35288167025919599212010-12-19T21:19:00.002-05:002010-12-19T21:22:27.438-05:00The Reverse Passing ConversationAttention race sociologist geeks (or those interested in racial politics):<br />
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Our friends at The Root recently posted three articles, seemingly in conversation with one another, about a recently-coined phenomenon discussed in a new study called "reverse passing." It's arguably a new name for the one-drop rule, however, unlike the one-drop rule, it's individuals themselves, not the U.S. government, identifying people as Black despite White ancestry.<br />
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First among these articles, "<a href="http://www.theroot.com/views/reverse-passing-kidding-right">Reverse Passing? Kidding...Right?</a>", obviously takes a certain position; then, a few minutes later appeared a post titled, "<a href="http://www.theroot.com/views/why-biracial-means-black">Why Biracial Means Black</a>," only to be followed shortly thereafter by "<a href="http://www.theroot.com/views/passing-black">Passing for Black?</a>" Each article begins by mentioning Barack Obama and delves into the history of racial politics around black identification.<br />
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We have a variety of our own views here at <i>The Modern American</i>, but we're interested in what you have to say? Do you "reverse pass"? Is this a misguided description? Throw in your two cents.The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-36871495571821330102010-12-16T17:40:00.001-05:002010-12-19T20:59:03.567-05:00An Incisive Throw-Down On The Georgia Prison ProtestThe insightful gang at the <a href="http://crunkfeministcollective.wordpress.com/about/">Crunk Feminist Collective</a> has written an on-point <a href="http://crunkfeministcollective.wordpress.com/2010/12/15/the-dirty-south-ga-prisoners-on-lockdown-for-liberty/">commentary</a> about the peaceful prisoner protest taking place at ten Georgia state prisons (if you haven't already heard). The prisoners have very basic demands for the state to preserve their humanity and dignity, including a living wage for their work, and decent healthcare. The protest is on the heels of <i>TMA</i>'s recent blog posts--<a href="http://wclmodernamerican.blogspot.com/2010/11/modern-twist-on-prison-industrial.html">here</a>, <a href="http://wclmodernamerican.blogspot.com/2010/11/prison-labor-human-experimentation-bp.html">here</a>, & <a href="http://wclmodernamerican.blogspot.com/2010/10/amidst-ongoing-slavery-in-south-one.html">here</a>--on prison labor and the 13th Amendment. This is hardly academic stuff.<br />
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Update: Evidently the prison protest ended on Friday. The Root sums things up in a brief <a href="http://www.theroot.com/buzz/largest-prison-strike-america-ends-ignored-media">post</a>.The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8093576483480265991.post-48363559538616734382010-12-13T16:34:00.000-05:002010-12-13T16:34:31.480-05:00Another Attack, Another Trans-Person, Another Cop, and Another Reason to Want RevolutionPlease<a href="http://dctranscoalition.wordpress.com/2010/12/13/dctc-condemns-alleged-anti-trans-assault-by-mpd-officer/"> read</a> the DC Transgender Coalition's Statement responding to the alleged anti-trans assault by an off-duty police officer of woman, Chloe Moore, that occurred last week here in Washington DC. If a modicum of the allegations is true, it's enough to make any justice-seeking person swell with anger and heartbreak, and enough to make other people wake up.The Modern Americanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03772845608565318268noreply@blogger.com0